Christian Creeds: Formalizing Ancient and Early Medieval Christianity, from Nicea to Chalcedon

This episode traces early Christianity’s theological diversity and the struggle to define orthodoxy from grassroots movements to imperial councils.

It explains how emperors like Constantine and Theodosius used councils (Nicaea, Ephesus, Chalcedon) to settle disputes over Jesus’ nature, label heresies, and enforce creeds—reshaping the Christian world and provoking enduring schisms.